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References - 9
Previous/Next Page		 Technology in Australia 1788-1988Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
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Table of Contents
Chapter 9

I Introduction

II The Australian Chemical Industry

III Pharmaceuticals

IV Chemists In Other Industries

V The Dawn Of Modern Chemical Industry - High Pressure Synthesis

VI The Growth Of Synthetic Chemicals - Concentration, Rationalisation And International Links

VII Australian Industrial Chemical Research Laboratories

VIII The Plastics Industry

IX The Paint Industry

X Acknowledgements

Index
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Chapter 9 - The Chemical Industry - Australian Contributions to Chemical Technology - References

1. Ch. Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, Trevor, I. Williams, 'A History of Technology', Vol. V, 'The Late Nineteenth Century', chapter on Education by Sir Eric Ashby, Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1958. [Return to text]

2. Ch. Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, Trevor, I. Williams, 'A History of Technology', Vol. V, 'The Late Nineteenth Century', chapter on Education by Sir Eric Ashby, Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1958, p. 781. [Return to text]

3. Ch. Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, Trevor, I. Williams, 'A History of Technology', Vol. V, 'The Late Nineteenth Century', chapter on Education by Sir Eric Ashby, Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1958, p. 781, p. 788. [Return to text]

4. Industries Assistance Commission Report, 'The Chemical and Plastics Industries', Volume One, 30, 5, 1986, p. 24, Table 2.1, excluding, however, the ASIC Class 2953 (alumina); figures for pharmaceuticals including veterinary drugs from IAC Draft Report on Pharmaceuticals, see ref. 5. [Return to text]

5. Industries Assistance Report on Pharmaceuticals, Draft, Nov. 1985, page 2.4, Table 2.1. [Return to text]

6. Official Record, Intercolonial Exhibition of Australia, Melbourne 1866/7, Reports and Awards of the Juroros, pp. 178/9. [Return to text]

7. Official Record, Intercolonial Exhibition of Australia, Melbourne 1866/7, Reports and Awards of the Juroros, pp. 181/2. [Return to text]

8. Sydney Morning Herald, June 23, 1866, p. 9. [Return to text]

9. Illustrated Sydney News and NSW Agriculturist and Grazier, Nov. 23, 1872, p. 3 cols. 1/2. [Return to text]

10. J. R. Poynter, 'Russell Grimwade', Melbourne University Press, Chapter 1, 'A Colonial Partnership, 1967'. [Return to text]

11. Williamstown and Foostcray Chronicle, 'Local Industries in Williamstown, Footscray and Yarraville', Neale and Co., Printers and Publishers, Nelson Place, Williamstown, 25.8, 1882. [Return to text]

12. Williamstown and Foostcray Chronicle, 'Local Industries in Williamstown, Footscray and Yarraville', Neale and Co., Printers and Publishers, Nelson Place, Williamstown, 25.8, 1882, pp. 43/4. [Return to text]

13. G. J. R. Linge, 'Industrial Awakening, A Geography of Australian Manufacturing, 1788 to 1890'. Australian National University Press 1979, p. 478. [Return to text]

14. J. S. Pulsford, private communication 1986. [Return to text]

15. H. A. Grayson, 'The Changing Face of the Fertiliser Industry', The Society of Chemical Industry of Victoria Journal, Vol. 1966, complete, pp. 337-346. [Return to text]

16. G. J. R. Linge, 'Industrial Awakening, A Geography of Australian Manufacturing, 1788 to 1890'. Australian National University Press 1979, p. 102. [Return to text]

17. R. Proudley, 'Gas in Ballarat', an illustrated history issued by the Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria, May 1985. [Return to text]

18. W. A. Bate, 'The Lucky City', p. 2 cited by Proudley R. Proudley, 'Gas in Ballarat', an illustrated history issued by the Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria, May 1985, p. 40. [Return to text]

19. From 1928 to 1971 the company was called Imperial Chemical Industries of Australia and New Zealand, ICI A.N.Z. In 1971 it shortened its name to ICI Australia Ltd. or in its abbreviated form, ICI Australia, the name used in this chapter for clarity of indentification throughout the text. [Return to text]

20. A. K. Smith, Consulting Engineer, 27.8.1852, cited by R. Proudley, 'Gas in Ballarat', an illustrated history issued by the Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria, May 1985, p. 12. [Return to text]

21. A. G. Lowndes, Editor, 'South Pacific Enterprise. The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited', Angus and Robertson, 1956. [Return to text]

22. Charles Potter, Index to the NSW Letters of Registrations of Inventions, from 1854 to 31st July 1887 (Copy available at Canberra Patent Office). [Return to text]

23. Keith Mercer, 'The History of Industrial Explosives in Australia' paper presented at International Mining History Conference, 27 to 30.8.1985, Melbourne, reprinted by ICI Australia Ltd. [Return to text]

24. Curt Wallach 'Der Nobelpreis' (Nobel Prize), Berlin 1950. [Return to text]

25. E. Bergengren, 'Alfred Nobel, Eine Biographie', München-Esslingen, 1965. [Return to text]

26. R. Wunnenberg, 'Alfred Nobel, Dynamit und Frieden' (Dynamite and Peace), Munchen, 1973. [Return to text]

27. F. Vögtle, 'Alfred Nobel', Rowohlt's Monographs, Rowohlt Taschenbuchverlag, G.m.b.H. Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983. [Return to text]

28. H. Schlück and R. Sohlman, 'The Life of Alfred Nobel', Heinemann, London, 1929, cited by W. J. Reader, Imperial Chemical Industries, A History' Vol. 1, 1970, Oxford University Press, p. 19. [Return to text]

29. Charles Potter, Index to the NSW Letters of Registrations of Inventions, from 1854 to 31st July 1887 (Copy available at Canberra Patent Office), patent 315, 1872. [Return to text]

30. Charles Potter, Index to the NSW Letters of Registrations of Inventions, from 1854 to 31st July 1887 (Copy available at Canberra Patent Office), patent 556, 1890. [Return to text]

31. F. Vögtle, 'Alfred Nobel', Rowohlt's Monographs, Rowohlt Taschenbuchverlag, G.m.b.H. Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983, pp. 33-43. [Return to text]

32. W. J. Reader, 'Imperial Chemical Industries, A History', Vol. 1, 'The Forerunners 1870-1926', Oxford University Press, Ely House, London, 1970, p. 86. [Return to text]

33. W. J. Reader, 'Imperial Chemical Industries, A History', Vol. 1, 'The Forerunners 1870-1926', Oxford University Press, Ely House, London, 1970, p. 24. [Return to text]

34. C. M. H. Clark, 'Select Documents in Australian History', 1851-1900, Angus and Robertson, 1955, reprinted 1975, p. 665. [Return to text]

35. W. J. Reader, 'Imperial Chemical Industries, A History', Vol. 1, 'The Forerunners 1870-1926', Oxford University Press, Ely House, London, 1970, p. 34. [Return to text]

36. Geoffrey Blainey, 'History of ICIANZ', unpublished typescript (to about 1958), pp. 7 to 11, also chapter 3 (pp. 43-58). [Return to text]

37. D. P. Mellor, 'Australia in the War 1939-45, The Role of Science and Industry', Australian War Memorial, Series 4, Vol. 5, 1958, p. 334. [Return to text]

38. D. P. Mellor, 'Australia in the War 1939-45, The Role of Science and Industry', Australian War Memorial, Series 4, Vol. 5, 1958, p. 337. [Return to text]

39. D. P. Mellor, 'Australia in the War 1939-45, The Role of Science and Industry', Australian War Memorial, Series 4, Vol. 5, 1958, p. 341. [Return to text]

40. F. P. Bowden, F. Eirich, A. E. Ferguson, A. Yoffe, Counc. Sci. Ind. Res. (Aust.) Bull. 167 (1943). [Return to text]

41. F. P. Bowden, M. F. R. Mulcahy, R. G. Vines, A. Yoffe, Nature, Vol. 157, p. 105 Jan. 26, 1946. [Return to text]

42. F. P. Bowden, M. F. R. Mulcahy, R. G. Vines, A. Yoffe, Proc. Roy. Soc. A., Vol. 188, 1947, pp. 291-329. [Return to text]

43. M. F. R. Mulcahy, R. G. Vines, Proc. Roy. Soc. A., Vol. 191, 1947, pp. 210-225. [Return to text]

44. M. F. R. Mulcahy, R. G. Vines, Proc. Roy. Soc. A., Vol. 191, 1947, pp. 226-242.. [Return to text]

45. M. F. R. Mulcahy Philosophical Magazine, Ser. 7., Vol XXXIX p. 547. [Return to text]

46. D. P. Mellor, 'Australia in the War 1939-45, The Role of Science and Industry', Australian War Memorial, Series 4, Vol. 5, 1958, p. 366. [Return to text]

47. C. E. Gregory, 'Explosives for Australian Engineers', 3rd ed., University of Queensland Press, 1977, p. 21. [Return to text]

48. Joe Dannenberg, Explosives and Mining Journal, ABA Publishing Company, 406 West 32 Str. Wilmington, Delaware, July 1982, pp. 62-6. [Return to text]

49. 'Research to Reality', Some Case Histories of Industrial Research, Development and Innovation in Australia, Australian Industry Research Group (A.I.R.G.), papers by industrial R&D managers, editor M. Southern, Melbourne, 1980. [Return to text]

50. B. H. Brady, R. Fox, D. H. Williams, 'Slurry Explosives at Mt. Isa Mines Ltd'. Proc. Aust. IMM No. 247, Sept. 1973. [Return to text]

51. Official Record, Intercolonial Exhibition of Australia, Melbourne 1866/7, Reports and Awards of the Juroros, p. 21. [Return to text]

52. J. R. Poynter, 'Russell Grimwade', Melbourne University Press, Chapter 1, 'A Colonial Partnership, 1967'. [Return to text]

53. J. R. Poynter, 'Alfred Felton', 'Great Australians', Oxford University Press, Ely House, London, 1974. [Return to text]

54. J. R. Poynter, 'Russell Grimwade', Melbourne University Press, Chapter 1, 'A Colonial Partnership, 1967', p. 82, pp. 119, 159. [Return to text]

55. K. J. Roberts, 'Pharmaceuticals and Philanthropy', Australian Corporate History Bulletin Vol. 2, No. 1, University of Melbourne. [Return to text]

56. B. McNamee 'History of Faulding Technology', private communication, unpublished, June 1986. [Return to text]

57. N. Manning, 'Drug Technology', A Juxtaposition of Bosisto and Nicholas, private communication, (abbreviated), to be published. [Return to text]

58. R. Grenville Smith, A. Barrie, 'ASPROHow a Family Business Grew Up', Nicholas International Limited, 1976. [Return to text]

59. Melbourne Herald, Dec. 17, 1915. [Return to text]

60. D. P. Mellor, 'Australia in the War 1939-45, The Role of Science and Industry', Australian War Memorial, Series 4, Vol. 5, 1958, 'Vitamins, Drugs and other Fine Chemicals', chapter 26, pp. 612-637. [Return to text]

61. Australian patents 119 702, 119 703, G. Burgess and R. Rover. [Return to text]

62. D. P. Mellor, 'Australia in the War 1939-45, The Role of Science and Industry', Australian War Memorial, Series 4, Vol. 5, 1958, p. 623. [Return to text]

63. L. W. Weickhardt, Aust. Chem. Inst., Journal and Proc. Vol. 14, 1947, p. 81. [Return to text]

64. R. F. Cane, 'The Manufacture and Application of D.D.T.'. Aust. Chem. Inst. Journal and Proc., Vol. 15, p. 342. [Return to text]

65. J. Bancroft, Journal of the Queensland Philosophical Society, 1877, p. 1. [Return to text]

66. F. von Miiller, 'Select Extra-Tropical Plants', 1885. [Return to text]

67. R. D. Croll, 'DuboisiaAn Australian Phytochemical Saga', unpublished paper, presented to Phytochemical Club, University of Melbourne, 21.10.1950, private communication. [Return to text]

68. Neville McCarthy, private communication. [Return to text]

69. D. McCredie, 'The Fight against Disease and CSL's Seventy Years' Contribution' 1916-1986, Impact Printing Pty. Ltd., for CSL, 1986. [Return to text]

70. Plant data, private communication, courtesy of Merck, Sharp and Dohme, (Australia) Pty. Ltd. 1986. [Return to text]

71. Industries Assistance Report on Pharmaceuticals, Draft, Nov. 1985, p. 97. [Return to text]

72. Geoffrey Blainey, 'The Rise of Broken Hill', McMillan of Australia, 1968, p. 17. [Return to text]

73. Geoffrey Blainey, 'The Rise of Broken Hill', McMillan of Australia, 1968, pp. 68-77. [Return to text]

74. The Timbrol Story, Australian Factory, Vol. 12, No. 12, June 2, 1958, pp. 2-7. [Return to text]

75. M. Norrie, private communication, 1986. [Return to text]

76. D. P. Mellor, 'Australia in the War 1939-45, The Role of Science and Industry', Australian War Memorial, Series 4, Vol. 5, 1958, pp. 127, 348. [Return to text]

77. E. Bäumler, 'Ein Jahrhundert Chemie' (A Century of Chemistry), Econ Verlag, G.m.b.H. Düsseldorf, pp. 78-101. [Return to text]

78. W. J. Reader, 'Imperial Chemical Industries, A History', Vol. 1, 'The Forerunners 1870-1926', Oxford University Press, Ely House, London, 1970, Vol. 2, pp. 2, 34, 93. [Return to text]

79. Sir Alfred Mond, 'Industry and Politics' McMillan, 1927, p. 9. [Return to text]

80. W. J. Reader, 'Imperial Chemical Industries, A History', Vol. 1, 'The Forerunners 1870-1926', Oxford University Press, Ely House, London, 1970, Vol. 2 p. 207. [Return to text]

81. W. J. Reader, 'Imperial Chemical Industries, A History', Vol. 1, 'The Forerunners 1870-1926', Oxford University Press, Ely House, London, 1970, Vol. 2, p. 451. [Return to text]

82. H. McL. Gordon, Aust. Vet. Journ. Vol. 15, 1939, pp. 244-252. [Return to text]

83. Bernthsen, Ber. 16, p. 2896, 1883 and German Pat. 25 150, 1883. [Return to text]

84. U.S. Patent, 2 415 363 to Koppers, 1941. [Return to text]

85. 'Research to Reality', Some Case Histories of Industrial Research, Development and Innovation in Australia, Australian Industry Research Group (A.I.R.G.), papers by industrial R&D managers, editor M. Southern, Melbourne, 1980, pp. 60, 61. [Return to text]

86. 'Research to Reality', Some Case Histories of Industrial Research, Development and Innovation in Australia, Australian Industry Research Group (A.I.R.G.), papers by industrial R&D managers, editor M. Southern, Melbourne, 1980, pp. 74, 75. [Return to text]

87. Andrew McKay, 'Surprise and Enterprise', Fifty Years of Science for Australia, CSIRO 1976, p. 6 'The Absorbing Atom' (a popular account of Walsh's discovery). [Return to text]

88. Aust. Pat. 224 505, Ian McWilliam, 1957 numerous foreign equivalents. [Return to text]

89. Ian McWilliam, 'The Flame Ionisation Detector, an Australian Invention', Proceedings of an International Conference, University of Melbourne, May 30-June 3, 1983, edited by A. J. C. Nicholson, published by Australian Scientific Industry Association. [Return to text]

90. Aust. Pat. 251689, 251690, G. Isaak, 1959. [Return to text]

91. Patents relating to 'Methoxone' include Aust. Pat. 128106, 128235, 126357, 128272, all 1945. [Return to text]

92. G. M. Badger, W. H. Sasse, 'Synthetic Applications of Activated Metal Catalysts', Part II, 'The Formation of Heterocyclic Diaryls', J. Chem. Soc. 1956, pp. 616-620. [Return to text]

93. Aust. Pat. 245 072, G. Varcoe, 1960 equivalents in 28 countries. [Return to text]

94. Cliff Buttrey, 'The Chemical Hoe Come of Age', ICI Magazine, 2nd issue 1986, pp. 43-45. [Return to text]

95. Aust. Pat. 266 236, J. Hall, H. Van Gemert, 1961. [Return to text]

96. I. L. Knunyants and N. S. Vyazankin, Bull. Acad. Science USSR, 1957, pp. 238-240. [Return to text]

97. Chem. Eng. Progress, Oct. 1960, pp. 230. [Return to text]

98. Aust. Pat. 292 745, R. A. Dewar, V. E. Maier, M. A. Riddolls (later Mrs. Ingram) 1964, many overseas equivalents. [Return to text]

99. Aust. Pat. 410 007, R. A. Dewar, M. A. Riddolls, 1966. [Return to text]

100. Aust. Pat. 295 148, J. W. Badham, 1965, many overseas equivalents. [Return to text]

101. Aust. Pat. 408 171, J. W. Badham, J. R. Glen, P. J. Gregory, many overseas equivalents. [Return to text]

102. Aust. Pat. 413 243, 413 244, 214 414, A. Baklien, J. E. Kolm, 1965, equivalents in 28 countries. [Return to text]

103. L. W. Weickhardt, Leighton Memorial Address, 1968, 'Some Interactions of Chemistry in Education, Research and Industry', Proc. of Roy. Aust. Chem. Inst., 36, No. 8., 1968, pp. 213-220. [Return to text]

104. A. Baklien, M. Leeding, J. E. Kolm, 'A New Synthesis of Tetramisole Hydrochloride', Aust. Journ. Chem. 1968, 21, pp. 1557-70. [Return to text]

105. Aust. Pat. 421 744 R. A. Dewar, V. E. Maier, M. A. Ingram (nee Riddolls) equivalents in many countries. [Return to text]

106. Aust. Pat. 525 540 R. S. Hogarth-Scott, 1978. [Return to text]

107. Aust. Pat. 441 004 A. Baklien, M. Leeding, L. Webber, 1969, many foreign equivalents. [Return to text]

108. Aust. Pat. 258 868 D. G. Keith, 1971. [Return to text]

109. Aust. Pat. 460 849, 481 017, D. G. Keith, 1971. [Return to text]

110. Manufacturing Resources of Australia', Australian Academy of Technological Sciences, Proceedings of Fifth Invitation Symposium, 22, 23 Oct. 1981, Ed. J. Woodcock, ATS 191 Royal Parade, 3052. [Return to text]

111. Aust. Pat. 450 714, 467 472, D. Weiss, H. Battaerd, 1975 to CSIRO/ICI Australia. [Return to text]

112. A series of joint CSIRO/ICI Austr. patents e.g. 460 887, 463 371, 465 203, 467 480 etc. [Return to text]

113. Aust. Pat. 422 517, H. Battaerd, K. Catt, H. Niall, G. Tregear, to Monash University/ICI Austr., 1966. [Return to text]

114. Aust. Pat. 425 620 H. Battaerd, G. Tregear. [Return to text]

115. Hardman Chemicals, Pty. Ltd., private communication 1984. [Return to text]

116. Tim Hewat, 'The Plastics Revolution' 'The Story of Nylex' (abbreviated). The McMillan Company of Australia Pty. Ltd., 1983. [Return to text]

117. 'Phenol', D. A. Young, Monsanto, private communication. [Return to text]

118. W. J. Reader, 'Imperial Chemical Industries, A History', Vol. 1, 'The Forerunners 1870-1926', Oxford University Press, Ely House, London, 1970, Vol. 2, pp. 349-359. [Return to text]

119. H. Holmes, Chairman, Monsanto Australia, private communication 1986. [Return to text]

120. Aust. Pat. 257 828 G. Varcoe, 1961. [Return to text]

121. Aust. Pat. 278 630 P. Wilkinson, R. Gell, 1962. [Return to text]

122. Main contributors (internal company reports etc.) S. F. Cox, K. G. Neill, R. Bowen, G. Alcorn. [Return to text]

123. C. R. Meares 'The Petrochemical Complex at Altona', private communication, 1986. [Return to text]

124. Industries Assistance Commission Report, 'The Chemical and Plastics Industries', Volume One, 30, 5, 1986, p. 49. [Return to text]

125. Facts about CSR-Chemicals, Company brochure, 1.3.1984. [Return to text]

126. J. C. Thomas, Dulux, 'The Paint Industry' private communication 1986. [Return to text]

127. Industries Assistance Commission Report, 'The Chemical and Plastics Industries', Volume One, 30, 5, 1986, p. 128. [Return to text]

128. 'Taubman's Story of Paint' (condensed) company pamphlet, undated, received, 1986. [Return to text]

129. Mr. Richard Bell, Wattyl (Victoria), verbal communication, 1986. [Return to text]

130. Industries Assistance Commission Report, 'The Chemical and Plastics Industries', Volume One, 30, 5, 1986, p. 129. [Return to text]

131. Mr. McLaren, Bergers, Sydney, verbal communication 1986. [Return to text]

132. 'Australian Chemical Holdings Companies' 'History of, private communication, 1986. [Return to text]

133. Aust. Pat. 2163/04, McFie, 1904. [Return to text]

134. Aust. Pat. Appl. 32 410/84, C. Such. [Return to text]

135. PCT/82/00008 Aust. Pat. Appl. 80 080/84 C. Such, R. Kemp, D. Hall. [Return to text]

136. Aust. Pat. 427 841, R. Clark, L. Filipowicz, 1967. [Return to text]

137. Aust. Pat. 416 519, 1986. [Return to text]

138. Aust. Pat. 439 432, R. W. Kershaw, F. J. Lubbock, L. Polgar, 1968. [Return to text]

139. Aust. Pat. 538 527, 1981, D. V. Gibson, G. M. McKay, J. E. Swalwell. [Return to text]

140. Aust. Pat. 530 466, W. Braun 1980. [Return to text]

141. Aust. Pat. 476 431, 1971 to 'Vapocure'. [Return to text]

142. Aust. Pat. 463 892, Albright and Wilson, Australia Ltd. and Monier Research and Development Company Pty. Ltd., 1971. [Return to text]

143. Aust. Pat. 476 700, D. V. Gibson, B. Leary, 1973. [Return to text]

144. H. A. Grayson, BASF Australia, personal communication. [Return to text]

145. D. E. F. Harrison, C. S. Barnes, 'Successful Innovation from Australian Research', Symposium of A.I.R.G. on 'New Technologies for Industrial Development of Australia', Australian Minerals Foundation, Adelaide, 16-18.2.1986. [Return to text]

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